FD&C Red No. 3, also known as Red 3, is a dye found in some of our favorite foods, such as lollipops, cupcakes, desserts and cookies. On January 15, 2025, the FDA banned Red 3 in foods as well as ingested drugs due to studies that showed the development of cancer in male laboratory rats.
Red Dye No. 3 has been used in a variety of food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals since its approval in 1969 by the FDA. However, scientific evidence from multiple studies presented significant health risks: when the rats were exposed to high levels of Red Dye No.3, cancer developed due to hormonal imbalances induced by this ingredient.
In 1990, the FDA banned the use of the dye in cosmetics and topical medication. However, it is important to note that these studies were conducted on rodents rather than humans, and contained a high level of the dye in comparison to the common foods manufactured with Red 3. Regardless, in 2023, these risks were brought up in California, and a few years later, the FDA made its final decision to ban the dye in food.
The candy aisle at CVS – filled with a variety of treats that include harmful dyes such as FD&C Red No. 3, which is added to Sweethearts and Ringpop.
“Red Dye No. 3 has no nutritional value or flavor. It just makes the color of certain foods look brighter,” reporter Marresa Burke wrote for Wave. “ In 1958, Congress passed a regulation that blocked the FDA from approving food or color additives that can lead to cancer in animals or humans.”
Over the last 35 years, there was an increase in scientific research and evidence that connected Red Dye No. 3 to adverse health effects. Scientists discovered that Red 3 disrupts thyroid hormone regulation by inhibiting the thyroid gland to absorb iodine, which is important for synthesizing thyroid hormones. Students have commented on side effects they have experienced while eating red dyed candies.
“It hurts your teeth and it’s very painful. You’re really not supposed to be eating too many,” said Junior Seela Buckner. “It’s not good long term.”
So what about other dyes? Is Red 40 just as dangerous? No, not entirely. Red dye no. 40 is non-carcinogenic, meaning there is no substantial evidence suggesting it causes cancer. This is due to the chemical composition of Red 40. Unlike Red 3, Red 40 does not contain iodine, so the thyroid gland is unaffected. Instead, Red 40 is derived from petroleum– another unhealthy option. Although there is no evidence regarding cancer, this does not rule out the possibility of other harmful consequences.
The dangers of Red 3, regardless of intensity, are present in our everyday lives and will be until 2027– when the ban goes into effect. The FDA’s approval does not prevent other chemical additives from having toxic effects; dyes, preservatives and other products are still unhealthy to digest.
